Ethnobotanical Studies of North–East Region from Nashik District (Maharashtra, India)

CrossRef, Scientific Indexing Services (SIS), Google Scholar, Index Copernicus International (ICI), Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI), CiteFactor, Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF), General Impact Factor, Journal Factor, Cosmos Impact Factor, PKP Index, AJIFACTOR Indexing, etc. The present paper deals with 41 ethnobotanical plants with their common names belonging to 18 families from North-East region of Nashik district. The plants were used by local people for food, fodder, medicine, religious ceremonies. The information was gathered from Vaidu, Bhagat, Local peoples, Shepherds. The families like Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Combretaceae, Apiaceae, Pteridaceae are dominant families for use as ethnobotanical species.


INTRODUCTION
The North -East Region from Nashik District covers three talukas (Satana, Malegaon and Nandgaon) which are very diverse in climate, rainfall, temperature, vegetation and in ecology. The Satana tehsil has good amount of rainfall and rich in vegetation which is bounded on the north by Pimpalner on the east Malegaon, on the south by Kalwan and on the west by Gujrat state. The climate of Nandgaon taluka is dry as compared to Satana and Malegaon. The vegetation is dry deciduous and mixed type, scrub forest is also observed.

ETHNOBOTANICAL ENUMERATION
1) Abrus precatorius -Vern. Gunj -Fabaceae Plant part used -Leaves Uses : The leaves are eaten raw, sold in local markets. The leaves are eaten raw with jaggery in irritation at the time urine. The dried leaves are added by pan makers in betel leaf.
2) Acacia catechu -Vern. Khair -Mimosaceae Plant part used -Bark, Wood Uses : The bark powder is mixed in any oil and applied on white spots on skin. The wood is used to make Katha. The wood is used to make agricultural implements.
3) Acacia nilotica -Vern. Babhul -Mimosaceae Plant part used -Bark, Leaves, Pods, Gum Uses : The decoction of leaves along with leaves of Caesalpenia bonduc and leaves Cadaba fruticosa are used to treat rheumatism. The bark is used to make alcohol. The bark is made into fine powder, mixed with coconut oil and placed on wound to recover. The pods are used as fodder to goats, sheep's and cows. The wood is used as timber. The gum is eaten raw and used to make Laddo. 4) Achyranthus aspera -Vern. Aghada -Amaranthaceae Plant part used -Root, Leaves, Twigs, Uses : The root decoction is given thrice in dysentery. The roots are used make decoction and given as a antidote in scorpion sting. The leaves are crush and the juice is put in nostrils to cure headache. Leaf paste along with honey given to cure cough and sore throat. The twigs are used to worship and offered to God on Rishi Panchmi at the time of bathing. 5) Adiantum capilus -Vern. Sonkadaki -Pteridaceae Plant part used -Leaves, Stem Uses : The decoction of leaves is mix in Bajara flour or Nagali flour and given to women for lactation. 2) Stem parts are used to make Tavit and tied in neck or on wrist. 6) Argemone maxicana -Vern. Vilayat -Papaveraceae Plant part used -Root Uses : The root juice is placed in mouth ulcers and removed in 3-4 minutes.

7)
Barleria prionitis -Vern. Katekoranti -Acanthaceae Plant part used -Leaves Uses : The leaves are given to chew in mouth ulcers. The leaf juice is gargle and split out to cure sores in mouth.

8) Bombax ceiba -Vern. Katesavar -Malvaceae
Plant part used -Root, Flowers, Wood, Gum Uses : Root paste applied on injuries The gum is used to prepare decoction and given as tonic. Gum is boiled in water and given to cure dysentery and diarrhea. The wood is used to tie fracture hand and leg. The long wood is worship by the tribals and kept on shoulders and dance at time of Holi festival. 9) Butea monosperma -Vern. Palas -Fabaceae Plant part used -Leaves, Flowers, Seeds Uses : Flower decoction is given for 2 -3 days to cure tingling urination and if no urination. The leaf decoction along with sugarcandy is given to womens to regulate menstrual cycle. The leaves are dried and the powder is used as tobacco to cure diabetes. Flowers are kept in water overnight and the water is drunk to cure stomachache and joint pains. The extract of flowers is given to Cow, Buffalo, and Goat to reduce stomach swelling. Seeds are rub in water and given to children's to reduce fever. Seeds are rub and applied in eczema. The flowers are used to make dye and colour at the time of Rangpanchmi. The flowers are offered to God and Goddess at the time of crop harvesting. 10) Calatropis procera -Vern. Rui -Apocynaceae Plant part used-Leaves, Stems, Flowers Uses : The leaves are warm in charcoal ash and applied on paralyzed part in paralysis, fracture in legs and hands. The leaves are warm and placed on belly and traction of nerves in the body. Dried stems are used to smoke in headache. The leaves and flowers are tied in thread along with Lavang and offered to Lord Hanuman on every Saturday, Amavassya and Bail Pola.

11) Careya arborea -Vern. Kumbhi -Myrtaceae Plant Part Used − Bark, Flowers, Fruits
Uses : Fruit juice given to animals in stomach swelling. Bark decoction is given twice a day in piles for 15 days. The juice of flowers given with honey to cure cough and cold. 12) Celastrus paniculatus -Vern. Malkanguni -Celastraceae Plant part used-Root, Seed Uses : Root decoction is given to treat tumours. Seed oil is applied to reduce joint pains.
13) Cheilanthes farinosa -Vern. Morjiva -Pteridaceae Plant part used -Whole plant Uses : Whole plant is used to make decoction and given in once a day for 7 days in chest pain. The root paste is applied in skin infection. The roots are boiled in water, a pinch of salt is added and given to cure stomach pain.
14) Cissus quadrangularis -Vern. Had sandhi -Vitaceae Plant part used-Stem Uses : The stem parts are crush, made into paste and applied on fractured parts. The stem is used to prepare infusion and given to reduce joint ache.

15) Cocculus hirsutus -Vern. Vasanvel -Menispermaceae Plant Part Used -Stem, Leaves
Uses : Leaves are crushed and applied on forehead to cure headache and on burn skin. Leaf decoction is given with pinch of pepper along with honey in chronic fever and cough. Leaves with leaves of Adathoda vasica and Dhatura metel made into paste with mustard oil to treat eruptive skin diseases with troublesome itching. Stem piece tied with black or red thread around the arm to reduce body heat. Leaf decoction along with fruits of Gmelina arborea and roots of Withania somnifera given twice a day to paralyzed person for stimulation of Central Nervous system and sound sleep.

16) Dendrocalamus strictus -Vern. Bamboo -Poaceae Plant Part Used − Stem
Uses : Pipes or Bamboo culms are used to make hut construction, furniture, musical instruments, mats, sticks, agricultural implements, baskets and household utensils. Bamboo strips are used to make 'Malu' for catching fishes and crabs. Bamboo pipes along with Ox horn, Abelmoshscus ficulneus stem and Lagenaria fruit used to make musical instrument "Pavri." Stem is used to make musical instrument 'Pava'. Young stem parts used for making vegetable.

17) Diopyrous melanoxylon -Vern. Tembhurni -Ebenaceae
Plant Part Used − Leaves, Wood, Fruits Uses : Fruit pulp mixed in water and used as lotion to cure eye disease in cattles. Wood is burnt and smoke is passed over the body of woman for easy delivery and good health. Wood is used as a good timber for making furniture. https://www.plantaescientia.com/ojs once a day for 3-4 days to cure stomachache and gas problems. Fruits with Bajara flour given to cure many diseases.

25) Jatropa gossypifolia -Chandrya -Euphorbiaceace Plant part used-Leaves, Latex
Uses : The leaves are warm in Brassica oil and applied on the breast of cows and buffaloes for milking. Latex is applied on thorn pierce place to remove deep thorn. Latex is applied on sores in mouth and immediately split.

26) Jatropa curcas -Chandrajyot -Euphorbiaceace
Plant part used-Leaves, Stem, Seed Uses : The seeds are powdered and applied with coconut oil on joint pains. The twigs are given to chew cow and buffalo to cure worms in stomach.

27) Kedrostis rostrata -Mirchi kand − Cucurbitaceae Plant Part Used − Tuber
Uses : Tuber given to chew as antidote in snake bite. Tuber boiled in water for 15 minutes and given to drink in stomachache.

30) Manilkara hexandra -Khirni -Sapotaceae Plant Part Used − Bark, Fruits
Uses : Bark decoction is given to cure fever and stomach disorders. Bark decoction is given to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Bark is used to treat dental disorders such as bleeding gums and gum inflammation.

31) Occimum americanum -Rantulas -Lamiaceae
Plant part used -Whole plant Uses : The juice of leaves is applied on skin in eczema and itching. The leaf paste is applied to cure pimples. Whole plant is uprooted and hangs on door as insect repellent.

32) Paracaryopsis coelestima -Nisurdi -Boranginaceae Plant Part Used − Root
Uses : Root infusion is given in stomach pain. Roots are used as vegetable and specially given in bile problems 33) Pergularia damia -Vern. Utran -Apocyanaceae Plant part used -Leaves, Latex Uses : The leaves are made into paste and applied on inflamated and swollen legs and hands. Larex is applied on warts for 6-7 days.
34) Pimpinella heyneana -Vern. Dongar Jira -Apiaceae Plant Part Used − Root Uses : Freshly uprooted roots are used to cure cough, cold and sore throat. Roots are crushed with Bajara flour and given to cure unknown diseases.

35) Sapindus laurifolius -Vern. Ritha -Sapindaceace Plant part used -Fruits, Seeds
Uses : The cover of fruit is rub in water and few drops are pour in goat eye to cure reddish colouration in eyes, conjunctivitis and eye infection. The dried fruits are boiled in water and the foam is used to wash hairs, to remove dandruff. Dried fruits are boiled in water and used to wash pet animals to expel worms. The fruits are crush in water and given to drink Goat, Cow, Sheep to cure gas problems in stomach.

36) Semecarpus anacarduim -Vern. Bhilava -Anacardiaceae Plant part used -Fruits, Seeds
Uses : The fruit part is edible. The part of dried fruit is taken on needle, heated on fire and placed on thorn pierce area to withdraw half broken thorn. The seeds are heated and the jelly part is filled in foot cracks.

37) Sida acuta -Vern. Chikana -Malvaceae
Plant part used-Leaves, Root Uses : Root juice is given to treat intestinal worms. Stem pieces are used as tooth brush to remove bad breadth. Leaves are warmed, moistened with coconut oil and applied to remove impure blood from injuries and glands.

38) Terminalia arjuna -Vern. Arjun sadada -Combretaceae
Plant part used-Leaves, Bark, Seed Uses : The bark powder is warm and applied on fracture legs, hands. The bark powder is warm and tied on fracture part of pet animals. The decoction of bark is given to cure stomachache.

39) Terminalia bellerica -Vern. Behada -Combretaceae Plant Part Used − Bark, Fruits
Uses : The fruits of Behada with fruits of Syzygium cumini are powdered and decoction is given for 4-5 days twice a day in diabetes and acidity. The bark powder applied externally at the site of scorpion sting. Churna is prepared with fruits of Terminalia chubula and Terminalia arjuna.

40) Tinospora cordifolia -Vern. Gulvel -Menispermaceae Plant part used-Root, Stem
Uses : The stem is dried in shadow and made into powder for decoction and given twice a day for 4-5 days to cure stomachache, heat, weakness and unconsciousness. The decoction is prepared along with Zingiber, Mentha, Piper and Ocimum and given empty stomach for 7 days to treat diabetes. The decoction is given to reduce cough, sneezing and fever. Stem pieces are tied around neck in jaundice.

41) Wrightia tinctoria -Vern. Kala-Kuda -Apocynaceae
Plant Part Used − Bark Uses : The bark paste of the plant is mixed in small childrens and applied on joints to cure rheumatism. Bark extract with Helicteris isora fruits given twice a day in dysentery and stomach pain. Bark extract used to treat infectious diseases of skin in domestic grazing animals such as cattle, sheep.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The fourty one (41) plant species belonging to eighteen (18) angiospermic families were documented along with their botanical names. The plants and their parts are used in day to day life for various purposes by the local peoples of the region. The wild plants are used as medicine, food, and fodder for their pet animals. They cure various diseases at their home. They make agricultural implements, art and craft with their innovative ideas.
The leaves of Abrus precatorius are eaten raw with jaggery in irritation at the time urine, decoction of leaves from Acacia nilotica along with leaves of Caesalpenia bonduc and leaves Cadaba fruticosa are used to treat rheumatism, bark is used to make alcohol, the bark is made into fine powder, mixed with coconut oil and placed on wound to recover, the pods are used as fodder to goats, sheep's and cows, decoction of Adiantum capilus leaves is mix in Bajara flour or Nagali flour and given to womens for lactation, Stem parts are used to make Tavit and tied in neck or on wrist to prevent from black magic, Butea monosperma is used in various diseases such as flower decoction is given for 2 -3 days to cure tingling urination and if no urination, The leaf decoction along with sugarcandy is given to women to regulate menstrual cycle, The leaves are dried and the powder is used as tobacco to cure diabetes, Flowers are kept in water overnight and the water is drunk to cure stomachache and joint pains, the extract of flowers is given to Cow, Buffalo, and Goat to reduce stomach swelling, Seeds are rub in water and given to children's to reduce fever, Seeds are rub and applied in eczema, the flowers are used to make dye and color at the time of Rangpanchmi and are offered to God and Goddess at the time of crop harvesting. The fruits and leaves of Diopyrous montana are crushed and poured in ponds and lakes for stuffing fishes and the fruit paste applied externally to treat boils. Root juice of Sida acuta is given to treat intestinal worms, Stem pieces are used as tooth brush to remove bad breadth, and Leaves are warmed, moistened with coconut oil and applied to remove impure blood from injuries and glands. Wrightia tinctoria bark is rubbed in small children urine and paste is applied on legs to cure rheumatism, bark extract with Helicteris isora fruits given twice a day in dysentery and stomach pain, Bark extract used to treat infectious diseases of skin in domestic grazing animals such as cattle, sheep.